Low-income wage-earners taking the earned income tax credit had a higher-than-expected audit rate, the report says.

Of the more than 164 million individual income tax returns filed with the IRS last year, only 626,204 were audited—down from 659,003 during the fiscal year 2021, according to a report released on Jan. 4 by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC) at Syracuse University.

Of those 626,204 audits, 93,595 were regular audits while the remainder (532,609) were correspondence audits, which are usually done for simple mistakes on a tax return and can be easily corrected through mail correspondence with the IRS.

So, the odds of being audited in FY 2022 had fallen to 3.8 out of every 1,000 tax returns filed, or 0.38%. In FY 2021, the odds of an audit were 4.1 out of every 1,000 returns filed, or 0.41%, according to the report.

While the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act provides the IRS with $80 billion of future funding to ramp up audits of the wealthy, IRS revenue agents were only able to audit a small number of millionaire returns last year. During 2022, the odds a millionaire was audited by an IRS revenue agent was just 1.1%, according to the report:

During FY 2022, years of budget cuts and increased needs in other sectors left the IRS with only around 1,400 staff years of revenue agent time to apply to the 165 million income tax 1040 returns that were filed. Even though the IRS applied one-fourth of these hours to auditing millionaires, still barely over 1 out of every 100 millionaires were audited.

In place of face-to-face audits, IRS has increasingly relied on highly automated processes to send letters through the mail (a “correspondence audit”) asking for more documentation on a specific item. In FY 2022, 85 percent of what IRS counts as audits of 1040 returns were these letters. Even for millionaires the IRS has turned to these. Indeed, last year about half (48%) of millionaire audits consisted of these simple letter inquiries.

Adding those who received a letter asking for more documentation on a specific item, the odds of millionaires receiving some attention by the IRS rose to 2.8%. Yet this left somewhat under 700,000 millionaires—taxpayers reporting a million or more in total positive income—with absolutely no scrutiny whatsoever.

The taxpayer class with higher-than-expected audit rates—five and a half times more than nearly everyone else—was low-income wage earners taking the earned income tax credit. This credit is provided to offset the taxes for the lowest wage earners in the country.

This group of taxpayers has historically been targeted not because they account for the most tax underreporting, but because they are easy marks in an era when IRS increasingly relies upon correspondence audits yet does not have the resources to assist taxpayers or answer their questions, TRAC said.

The report stated:

The IRS divides taxpayers into different examination classes. The IRS sees the typical taxpayer reporting an income of less than $200,000. These taxpayers faced an odds of audit of just 1.9 out of every 1,000 returns filed (0.19%). This group accounts for 80 percent of all 1040 returns once these poorest wage earners and those reporting $200,000 or more in positive income are set aside.

Higher-income and more complex business returns with Schedules C or F (nonfarm and farm) revenue generally increased the odds of audit for those reporting incomes of over $200,000 but less than $1 million. However, the odds of audit for these groups still remained below the odds of audit experienced by the lowest income wage-earners IRS targets.

Returns for those without revenue from a business had an odds of audit of 4.9 out of every 1,000 returns filed (0.49%). The odds of audit rose to twice that for taxpayers reporting similar incomes but running a business or farm. Their odds of audit for these was 10.3 out of every 1,000 returns (1.03%).

Millionaires, as discussed previously, did have the highest odds of being audited. However, if one ignores the fiction of auditing a millionaire by simply sending a letter through the mail, the odds that millionaires received a regular audit by a revenue agent (1.1%) was actually less than the audit rate of the targeted lowest-income wage-earners whose audit rate was 1.27 percent!

If Daniel Werfel is nominated by the Senate as the next IRS commissioner, TRAC said “he needs to put in place a full and detailed transparency program to keep the public informed on how [the Inflation Reduction Act] funds are being applied in the selection of taxpayers for stepped-up audits.”